Aviation Features
North American Aerospace Defense Command
 NORAD seal |
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North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a joint organization of the United States and Canada which provides aerospace warning and control for North America. It was founded on May 12, 1958, as the North American Air Defense Command. Since 1963, NORAD's main technical facility the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center in Colorado, and for this reason NORAD is sometimes unofficially referred to as Cheyenne Mountain.
NORAD's main facility in Colorado are administered by the U.S. Air Force under the command of the 721st Mission Support Group, part of the 21st Space Wing, headquartered at Peterson Air Force Base.
Organization and leadership
NORAD consists of two main parts corresponding to its mission:
- Aerospace warning or integrated tactical warning and attack assessment (ITW/AA) includes the monitoring of manmade objects in space, and the detection, validation, and warning of attack against North America by aircraft, missiles, or space vehicles.
- Aerospace control includes providing surveillance and control of Canadian and United States airspace.
The organization is headed by a commander appointed by both the U.S. president and the Canadian prime minister. The commander is based at Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center, the central collection and coordination facility for the sensor systems around the world,. Three subordinate headquarters exist:
- Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska–headquarters for the Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR);
- Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, Manitoba–dual headquarters for 1 Canadian Air Division (1CAD) and the Canadian NORAD Region (CANR); and
- Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida–headquarters for First Air Force, the Continental NORAD Region (CONR), and the Southeast Air Defense Sector (SEADS).
The present commanding officer of NORAD is U.S. Navy Admiral Timothy J. Keating who is also the commander of the United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). The deputy commander of NORAD is Canadian Forces Air Command Lieutenant-General Eric "Rick" Findley. Traditionally, the commanding officer of NORAD is American and the deputy commander Canadian. Both Canadian and U.S. forces have a commander for their contingents at Cheyenne Mountain. NORAD and USNORTHCOM have no direct command and control links with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, but both organizations coordinate training and planning USNORTHCOM missions.
History
Formation
Background
- Cold War
- Canada-United States relations
- Soviet-Canadian relations
- Soviet-Canadian relations
- Canada in the Cold War
The growing perception of the threat of long-range Soviet strategic bombers armed with nuclear weapons brought the U.S. and Canada into closer cooperation for air defense. While attacks from the Pacific or Atlantic would have been detected by Airborne Early Warning aircraft, Navy ships, or offshore radar platforms, the Arctic was underprotected. In the early 1950s the U.S. and Canada agreed to construct a series of radar stations across North America to detect a Soviet attack over the Arctic. The first series of radars was the Pinetree Line, completed in 1954 and consisting of 33 stations across southern Canada. However, technical defects in the system led to more radar networks being built. In 1957, the McGill Fence was completed; it consisted of Doppler radar for the detection of low-flying craft. This system was roughly 300 miles north of the Pinetree Line along the 55th parallel. The third joint system was the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line), also completed in 1957. This was a network of 57 stations along the 70th parallel. The systems gave around three hours warning of bomber attack before they could reach any major population center.
The command and control of the massive system then became a significant challenge. Discussions and studies of joint systems had been ongoing since the early 1950s and culminated on August 1, 1957, with the announcement by the U.S. and Canada to establish an integrated command, the North American Air Defense Command. On September 12, operations commenced in Colorado. A formal NORAD agreement between the two governments was signed on May 12, 1958.
Cold War and false alarms
By the early 1960s, about 250,000 were involved in the operation of NORAD. The emergence of the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) threat in the early 1960s was something of a blow. In response, a space surveillance and missile warning system was constructed to provide worldwide space detection, tracking and identification. The extension of NORAD's mission into space led to a name change to the North American Aerospace Defense Command.
From 1963 the size of the U.S. Air Force was reduced and obsolete sections of the radar system were shut down. However, there was increased effort to protect against an ICBM attack; two underground operations centers were set up, the main one inside Cheyenne Mountain and an alternate at North Bay, Ontario. By the early 1970s, the acceptance of mutual assured destruction doctine led to a cut in the air defense budget and the repositioning of NORAD's mission to ensuring the integrity of airspace during peacetime. There followed significant reductions in the air defense system until the 1980s, when, following the 1979 Joint US-Canada Air Defense Study (JUSCADS) the need for the modernization of air defenses was accepted—the DEW Line was to be replaced with an improved arctic radar line called the North Warning System (NWS); there was to be the deployment of Over-the-Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B) radar; the assignment of more advanced fighters to NORAD, and the greater use of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft from Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma or Elmendorf Air Force Base in Arkansas. These recommendations were accepted by the governments in 1985. The United States Space Command was formed in September 1985 as an adjunct but not a component of NORAD.
Even though all equipment in Cheyenne Mountain was put through a rigorous inspection, on at least two occasions, failure in its systems could have potentially caused nuclear war. On November 9, 1979, a technician in NORAD loaded a test tape but failed to switch the system status to "test," causing a stream of constant false warnings to spread to two "continuity of government" bunkers as well as command posts worldwide. A similar incident occurred on June 2, 1980, when a computer communications device failure caused warning messages to sporadically flash in U.S. Air Force command posts around the world that a nuclear attack was taking place. Both times, Pacific Air Forces properly had their planes (loaded with nuclear bombs) in the air; Strategic Air Command did not and took criticism because they did not follow procedure, even though the SAC command knew these were almost certainly false alarms (as did PAC). Both command posts had recently began receiving and processing direct reports from the various radar, satellite, and other missile attack detection systems, and those direct reports simply didn't match anything about the erroneous data received from NORAD.
Post-Cold War
At the end of the Cold War NORAD reassessed its mission. To avoid cutbacks, from 1989 NORAD operations expanded to cover counter-drug operations, especially the tracking of small aircraft. But the DEW line sites were still replaced, in a scaled-back fashion by the North Warning System radars between 1986 and 1995. The Cheyenne Mountain site was also upgraded. However, none of the proposed OTH-B radars are currently in operation.
Post-September 11 attacks
On July 28, 2006, military officials announced that NORAD's day-to-day operations would be consolidated, for purposes of efficiency, in an ordinary building at Peterson Air Force Base in nearby Colorado Springs. The mountain will be kept only as a backup in "warm standby," though fully operational and staffed with support personnel in case should the need again arise. NORAD officials stated that the same surveillance work can be continued without the security the facility provides. They emphasized that they are no longer concerned about a halt to their operations from an intercontinental nuclear attack.
After September 11, the NORAD mission evolved to include monitoring of all aircraft flying in the interior of the United States. NORAD oversees Operation Noble Eagle using fighter aircraft Combat Air Patrols (CAP) under command of First Air Force and Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) E-3 Sentry aircraft under command of the 552nd Air Control Wing.
For more than two years after September 11, 2001 attacks, NORAD and the Federal Aviation Administration provided incorrect information about the response to the aircraft hijackings in testimony and media appearances to the 9/11 Commission. NORAD and the FAA officials stated that U.S. air defenses had reacted quickly, that interceptor fighter jets had been scrambled to intercept planes in response to the last two hijackings and that fighters were prepared to shoot down United Airlines Flight 93 if it threatened Washington, D.C.]] Major General Larry Arnold and Colonel Alan Scott told the Commission that NORAD had begun tracking United 93 at 9:16 a.m., but the Commission determined that the airliner was not even hijacked until 12 minutes later. According to later testimony, the military was not aware of the flight until after it had crashed in Pennsylvania.
The Commission was forced to use subpoenas to obtain the cooperation of the NORAD and FAA to release evidence such as audiotapes. The agencies' reluctance to release the tapes, along with e-mails, erroneous public statements and other evidence, led some of the panel's staff members and commissioners to believe that authorities sought to mislead the commission and the public about what happened on September 11.
Commanders
- Timothy J. Keating, USN (5 November 2004 – Present)
- Ralph E. "Ed" Eberhart, USAF (22 February 2000 – 5 November 2004)
- Richard B. Myers, USAF (14 August 1998 – 22 February 2000)
- Howell M. Estes III, USAF (August 1996 – 14 August 1998)
- Joseph W. Ashy, USAF (1994 – August 1996)
 Fictional set of NORAD command room from the 1983 movie WarGames. At the time of its creation, it was the most expensive single set ever constructed, costing $1 million USD. |
In popular culture
- NORAD comes to public attention at Christmas, when it "tracks" Santa Claus on his journey around the world delivering toys for the world's children. 2005 marked the 50th time of NORAD tracking Santa. This tradition started in 1955 when a local Sears store in Colorado misprinted the phone number and children who thought they were calling Santa called NORAD instead. The NORAD Christmas patrol was referenced in the book Stuffed Animals by Michael Fry and T Lewis, the fourth Over the Hedge book. [1]
- NORAD is also featured in Tom Clancy's novel The Sum of All Fears and its associated film
.
- The Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 computer game features an in-game video of a call to NORAD from the President.
- A future version of NORAD is depicted in the computer game The Journeyman Project. In one mission, the player must travel to a deep-sea NORAD base which reside near the west coast Africa in the year 2112 and stop a nuclear launch on Gorbastan by a time traveling robot.
- Cheyenne Mountain was one of the settings of the 1983 motion picture WarGames, starring Matthew Broderick as a teenager who hacked NORAD's main computer and almost started a nuclear war (more precisely referred to as "global thermonuclear war" in the movie). Barry Corbin played a fictional NORAD commanding officer, General Jack Beringer.
- Although not shown, NORAD was mentioned in Terminator 2: Judgment Day as the main setting for Skynet, the military supercomputer that wages a nuclear war with mankind. It is featured In Terminator 3.
- Cheyenne Mountain is featured prominently in the television show Stargate SG-1, as it is the location for the fictional Stargate Command. NORAD is mentioned occasionally as being above the Stargate, housed in sub-level 28. In the episode "A Matter of Time", the nearest secure phone above Stargate Command is at "NORAD, main level", which appears to be sub-level 2.
- In addition to being destroyed in the movie Independence Day (though not shown), Cheyenne Mountain also figured prominently in the film Deep Impact, serving as the place of final refuge from the asteroid which strikes at the end of the film.
- In the novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein, Cheyenne Mountain receives heavy bombardment from the lunar rebels to the point where the following dialogue takes place:
- "Man, I think we should stop hitting Cheyenne Mountain."
- "Why?"
- "It's not there any more."
- In the videogame StarCraft, the Terran Confederate flagship is known as the Norad II, while in the sequel, StarCraft: Brood War, a the flagship of the Terran Dominion is known as the Norad III'.
- NORAD is featured in the movie United 93. The movie portrays the events that took place on September 11th regarding United Airlines Flight 93 which crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
- NORAD is featured in the Showtime series Jeremiah being used as a self-contained community by the survivors of a post-apocalyptic world.
References
External links
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